1.  In situ analytical techniques using  by laser ablation (source: excimer 193 nm) – multi-collector – ICP-MS (photo 1) with anaytical precision better than 20ppm. At the present time the ratio 176Hf / 177Hf in the mantle is around 0.283225 ± 0.00020 but 2 billion years ago the ratio 176Hf / 177H is around 0.281760± 0.000020.

Foto 1 – Laser Ablation – multi collector – ICP – MS – NEPTUNE

2. In-situ analytical techniques  in apatite (or calcite or other mineral?)  by LA-ICP-MS (ICAP-Q, Thermo, Laser 213 New Wave, reponsibel: Dra Sandra Andrade).

3. In situ isotopic analysis (demonstration) by “sensitive high resolution ion microprobe”, free of some  isobars (mass interference), with minimum material consumption (zircon), Photo 2.

Foto 2 – Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) / Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe (SHRIMP).